Journal: G3: Genes|Genomes|Genetics

Article Title: Inducible Defenses Stay Up Late: Temporal Patterns of Immune Gene Expression in Tenebrio molitor

doi: 10.1534/g3.113.008516

Figure Lengend Snippet: Comparison of immune genes and pathways annotated in Tenebrio molitor and Tribolium castaneum . Gene products are organized by pathway and cellular location according to Obbard et al. (2009) . Green indicates genes that are annotated in both organisms. Yellow and blue indicate genes that have only been annotated in T. castaneum or T. molitor , respectively. Blue lines highlight genes that have been previously described in T. molitor .

Article Snippet: Final instar T. molitor larvae and Progrub formulated diet were purchased from a commercial supplier (Livefoods Direct, Sheffield, UK).

Techniques: Comparison

Journal: Microbiology

Article Title: Candida albicans increases the pathogenicity of Staphylococcus aureus during polymicrobial infection of Galleria mellonella larvae

doi: 10.1099/mic.0.000892

Figure Lengend Snippet: Survival of G. mellonella larvae following mono- and co- infection with C. albicans and S. aureus . Larvae were infected with 20 µl of C. albicans or S. aureus or co-infected (1×10 5 C. albicans with varying concentrations of S. aureus ) and survival was assessed over 72 h at 37 °C. Statistical significance was determined by comparing co-infected larvae to the relevant S. aureus mono-infected larvae (**, P <0.01; ****, P <0.0001). Larvae were also injected with 20 µl PBS (PBS-injected). All values are the mean±se of three independent experiments.

Article Snippet: Sixth instar larvae of the greater wax moth G. mellonella (Livefoods Direct Ltd, UK) were stored in the dark at 15 °C and maintained in wood chippings [ ].

Techniques: Infection, Injection

Journal: Microbiology

Article Title: Candida albicans increases the pathogenicity of Staphylococcus aureus during polymicrobial infection of Galleria mellonella larvae

doi: 10.1099/mic.0.000892

Figure Lengend Snippet: S. aureus c.f.u. larva −1 obtained from G. mellonella larvae infected with S. aureus cells (2×10 6 and 2×10 6 larva −1 ) or co-infected larvae over 48 h at 37 °C. Co-infection with C. albicans and S. aureus ( C. a+S. a ) results in an increase in bacterial load in larvae from 6 to 48 h as determined by plating on nutrient agar plates. Statistical analysis was carried out by comparing co-infected larvae ( C. a+S. a ) to larvae infected solely with S. aureus ( S. a ) at their respective timepoints, (*, P <0.05; **, P <0.01). All values are the mean± se of three independent experiments.

Article Snippet: Sixth instar larvae of the greater wax moth G. mellonella (Livefoods Direct Ltd, UK) were stored in the dark at 15 °C and maintained in wood chippings [ ].

Techniques: Infection

Journal: Microbiology

Article Title: Candida albicans increases the pathogenicity of Staphylococcus aureus during polymicrobial infection of Galleria mellonella larvae

doi: 10.1099/mic.0.000892

Figure Lengend Snippet: CryoViz-imaging of G. mellonella larvae co-infected with C. albicans and S. aureus . Larvae ( n =3) were co-infected with C. albicans (1×10 5 larva −1 ) and S. aureus (2×10 4 larva −1 ) for 0, 6, 24 and 48 h at 37 °C. Larvae were embedded, sectioned (10 µm) and visualized using a Cryoviz (Bioinvision, Inc., Cleveland, OH, USA) cryo-imaging system. Point of inoculation, white arrows; nodules, black arrows; extensive melanization, red arrows.

Article Snippet: Sixth instar larvae of the greater wax moth G. mellonella (Livefoods Direct Ltd, UK) were stored in the dark at 15 °C and maintained in wood chippings [ ].

Techniques: Imaging, Infection

Journal: Microbiology

Article Title: Candida albicans increases the pathogenicity of Staphylococcus aureus during polymicrobial infection of Galleria mellonella larvae

doi: 10.1099/mic.0.000892

Figure Lengend Snippet: Alteration in circulating haemocyte density following inoculation with S. aureus cells alone and in combination with C. albicans. G. mellonella larvae were inoculated with 20 µl S. aureus cells (2×10 4 and 2×10 6 larva −1 ) alone or in combination with C. albicans (1×10 5 larva −1 ) and haemocytes were extracted and enumerated from 6, 24 and 48 h post-inoculation at 37 °C. Statistical analysis was performed by comparing co-infected larvae ( C. a+S.a ) to S. aureus -only-treated larvae at their at respective doses and time points (*, P <0.05; **, P <0.01; ***, P <0.001; ****, P <0.0001). All values are the mean±se of three independent experiments.

Article Snippet: Sixth instar larvae of the greater wax moth G. mellonella (Livefoods Direct Ltd, UK) were stored in the dark at 15 °C and maintained in wood chippings [ ].

Techniques: Infection

Journal: Microbiology

Article Title: Candida albicans increases the pathogenicity of Staphylococcus aureus during polymicrobial infection of Galleria mellonella larvae

doi: 10.1099/mic.0.000892

Figure Lengend Snippet: Proteomic responses of G. mellonella larval haemolymph following co-infection by C. albicans (1×10 5 larva −1 ) and S. aureus (2×10 4 larva −1 ) after 6 (a) and 24 (b) h at 37 °C. Volcano plots represent protein intensity difference (log 2 mean intensity difference) and significance in differences (- log P-value) based on a two-sided t - test. Proteins above the line are considered statistically significant ( P value<0.05) and those to the right and left of the vertical lines indicate relative fold changes>1.5. Annotations are given for the most differentially abundant proteins identified in haemolymph from co-infected larvae 6 and 24 h. These plots are based upon post imputed data.

Article Snippet: Sixth instar larvae of the greater wax moth G. mellonella (Livefoods Direct Ltd, UK) were stored in the dark at 15 °C and maintained in wood chippings [ ].

Techniques: Infection

Journal: Microbiology

Article Title: Candida albicans increases the pathogenicity of Staphylococcus aureus during polymicrobial infection of Galleria mellonella larvae

doi: 10.1099/mic.0.000892

Figure Lengend Snippet: Comparison of the different proteomic responses between single infection of G. mellonella larvae with C. albicans [ 30 ], S. aureus [ 29 ] and co-infection (current study). Fold change is 24 h infected larval haemolymph relative to 0 h relevant infected control*

Article Snippet: Sixth instar larvae of the greater wax moth G. mellonella (Livefoods Direct Ltd, UK) were stored in the dark at 15 °C and maintained in wood chippings [ ].

Techniques: Comparison, Infection, Control